City Military - "Contrary to what is often believed, urban warfare is no more difficult than other types of warfare." This is a recently published article
To argue According to the authors, the urban environment is "neutral" and should not be feared. as in almost any other environment, a well-trained and professional force must come first.
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Unfortunately, history does not support this view of urban land neutrality and the realities of modern warfare. The article presents solutions to urban problems, but errs in characterizing these problems as simple dilemmas.
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The truth is that the forest is neutral. It would provide any quantity of clean water and unlimited protection for friend and foe—armed neutrality, if you will, but neutrality nonetheless. It is the attitude of the mind that determines whether you go down or survive. "There is no good or bad, but thinking makes it so." The forest itself is neutral.
, which tells the story of his survival, resistance and rebellion behind enemy lines in Malaya during World War II. Chapman's words should not be taken out of context and applied to other forms of warfare or environments. In general, they make mistakes too. Environmental neutrality means it doesn't help either side. It's not true in war, it's not true in the jungle, and it's not true in urban combat.
Article - Dr. David Betts, Professor of War Studies at King's College London, and Lt. Col. Hugo Stanford-Tuck, an infantry officer in the British Army's Royal Gurkha Rifles, are to be commended for contributing to a much-needed and important discussion. different paradigms and deeper thought. But this particular article contains significant contextual gaps, false claims, and therefore dangerous propositions.
As Carl von Clausewitz famously wrote: "The first, the highest, the most comprehensive judgment that a statesman and a commander must make, is to determine by this test what kind of war they are engaged in; neither to mislead him, nor to try to turn him into something alien to his nature.
Cities Pose Huge Challenges To Military Forces. The Biggest Might Be Just Crossing The Street.
Discussions about war, of course, should never be separated from the political goals for which wars are fought. But war?
Characterized by the method of fighting and the tactics, techniques and technology used. Thus, when trying to determine which environment is particularly difficult to fight in, it is important to note the type of struggle in question, the type of war. This is an important conceptual gap in Betts and Stanford-Tuck's work.
The changing nature of war is important. There are several parallels between early historical accounts of urban warfare and the nature of urban warfare today. Not taking into account the social or technological changes in which war is fought is as dangerous as misusing military history and ignoring history altogether. Assessments of the difficulty of urban warfare today, whether relative to other settings or past conflicts, must be fully contextualized to have contemporary relevance. War and warfare must be understood in the context of their social, cultural, economic, human, moral, political and psychological aspects.
For example, the political consequences of civilian casualties in wars have increased dramatically. If we compare urban warfare to ancient times, analysts should inform their readers that the killing of men, regardless of their combat status, and the enslavement of women and children have been common throughout the centuries. They need to know that fighting with swords, spears, arrows, and horses is fundamentally different from fighting with gunpowder, tanks, armor-piercing explosive devices, and weapons in many ways, including tactics and the impact on soldiers and societies. doing. bombs that can reduce city blocks to smoking dust.
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Urban warfare can take many forms depending on variables including the nature of the enemy, the political and strategic context, and the tactical situation. Is an urban area a permissive environment where the majority of military forces can move unhindered, but where a small enemy element must be found and destroyed? Or is the area completely off limits and the military has to fight their way into the environment to begin searching for enemy forces? Even this one feature is important, and it's one of many things to consider when evaluating whether an environment is difficult to deal with.
Not only do few modern militaries have experience fighting in cities, urban combat is not part of their corporate memories. The military has a long history
They are the earliest forms of Civil War, mostly involving sieges, dating back to ancient times. We have detailed information about their actions against the Romans and Greeks, including Alexander the Great. They remained the dominant and decisive military option throughout the Middle Ages. During the siege war, the battles were mainly fought in the fortifications around the cities. After the attackers stormed the city's fortifications, the city either surrendered or was mercilessly looted. The invention of gunpowder-based weapons and the advancement of artillery eventually ended the era of siege warfare.
Even after the period of sieges, from the second half of the 17th century, the professional armies of European kings set the standard for decisive battles in the open field. Similarly, with the massive elevation of the heights, the troops did not fight in the cities, even if the capture of the cities was the main operational objective, except to suppress internal rebellions. With surprisingly few exceptions, urban warfare is a modern phenomenon.
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Before World War II, Western military formations experienced heavy and frequent combat in cities. Even then, most urban battles were part of larger campaigns in the countryside. Even at the often mentioned Battle of Stalingrad, most of the Wehrmacht's Army Group South (B) and General Friedrich Paulus' 6th Army fought in the countryside around the city, where they were later surrounded by outnumbered Soviet forces.
The two main types of action that Betts and Stanford-Tuck consistently cite in their article to support their argument that cities are neutral are counterinsurgency and attack against an enemy defended within the city. These two missions are very different and require different military capabilities, tactics and considerations. Sometimes the article mentions attacking a besieged city, but suggests a tactic more suited to a counterinsurgency or city police mission, such as being the "strongest gang" in the area.
During a counter-insurgency operation in the city, military forces are deployed by the government to defeat the rebels. Counterinsurgency military forces are often tasked with defeating armed resistance, reducing passive opposition, establishing or restoring host country legitimacy, restoring civil order, and supporting other stability operations. Counterinsurgency is a difficult part of warfare. Insurgents may use a variety of guerrilla, terrorist, and paramilitary tactics to achieve their political goals. Although urban insurgency campaigns may involve hand-to-hand combat against mass insurgent forces, often insurgents engage in hit-and-run attacks against the local population and attempt to sway public sentiment in their favor. The ability to hide among people is one of the insurgents' strengths and is enhanced in densely populated areas. Dense cities also provide insurgents with a high concentration of targets and resources not available in other environments. They offer high population concentrations, striking government forces and institutions, dense physical terrain ideal for ambush sites, snipers, and escape routes, and easy access to food, water, and money. Therefore, the defender of the urban guerrillas, Carlos Marigella, believed that the cities had ideal conditions for the rebels.
Urban counterinsurgency forces typically operate in a permissive environment. Daily life in the city continues as the military tries to use a variety of intelligence capabilities and manhunt operations to locate the insurgents and isolate them physically and ideologically from the rest of the population. Once detected, the military conducts intelligence-driven raids to kill or capture insurgents. Counterinsurgency operations often include stabilization operations aimed at addressing the social, political, and economic conditions that allow insurgencies to persist.
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Thus, it is not logical to claim that counterinsurgency in a jungle, mountain, desert or any other environment is more difficult than in a city. Trying to find, isolate, capture, or kill a small group of people without drastically changing the environment is several orders of magnitude greater in places with tens of thousands or millions of people than in all other environments that don't include this density.
Another military action mentioned in the article "Neutral Cities" and often discussed in relation to urban warfare is the deliberate attack against enemy forces defending a city area. that area. This action involves fighting in an unsanctioned environment, an area where most are penetrated even to enter an urban battlefield. Each segment of the operational environment can contain armed combat forces. That was it
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